Method of regulating integrated circuit timing and power consumption

ABSTRACT

A method of making an integrated circuit including identifying a first wire at a first location in an array of wires next to an empty location in a layout of the integrated circuit, adjusting a width of the first wire at the first location, and calculating a performance of a widened wire with regard to a first parameter. The method also includes comparing the calculated performance of the widened wire to a performance threshold of the first parameter, adjusting a degree of width adjustment of the widened wire according to a comparison result, and comparing the calculated performance of the width-adjusted widened wire to the performance threshold of the first parameter.

BACKGROUND

Integrated circuit manufacturing includes steps intended to reducedefects in integrated circuits introduced during a manufacturingprocess. Wafer inspection and cleaning steps identify and removeparticles from wafer surfaces to reduce interference with manufacturingoperations of photoresist deposition, photolithography or patterntransfer, substrate etching, and/or filling of etched features withmetal of optically-compatible materials.

Integrated circuit designs include features that protect a device fromdefects in the integrated circuit which were introduced during amanufacturing process. Duplicate or redundant device features provideback-up functionality when a primary device feature is damaged such asby a manufacturing defect.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the followingdescription when read with the accompanying figures. It is noted that,in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, variousfeatures are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the variousfeatures may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity ofdiscussion.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a semiconductor device in accordance withsome embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 2A and 2B are plan views of wires of an integrated circuit beforeand after a wire width adjustment process, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are flow diagrams of methods of regulating a wire widthadjustment process, in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are plan views of wires of an integrated circuit beforeand after a wire width adjustment process, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are plan views of wires of an integrated circuitrearranged in a wire width adjustment process, in accordance with someembodiments.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are plan views of locations of wires in an integratedcircuit, and locations in a computer aided design (CAD) layout of theintegrated circuit, denoting wires subject to wire width adjustment, inaccordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of a system for designing an integratedcircuit layout design according to some embodiments.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a manufacturing system for makingintegrated circuits, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, orexamples, for implementing different features of the provided subjectmatter. Specific examples of components, values, operations, materials,arrangements, or the like, are described below to simplify the presentdisclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intendedto be limiting. Other components, values, operations, materials,arrangements, or the like, are contemplated. For example, the formationof a first feature over or on a second feature in the description thatfollows may include embodiments in which the first and second featuresare formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in whichadditional features may be formed between the first and second features,such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Inaddition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/orletters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose ofsimplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationshipbetween the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,”“above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease ofdescription to describe one element or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatiallyrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of thedevice in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted inthe figures. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degreesor at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors usedherein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

Integrated circuits contain wires that connect portions of the circuitthat are spaced from each other. Some layers of the integrated circuitcontain large numbers of interconnection wires. A computing system isused to generate and to modify designs and layouts of integratedcircuits, including layers of an integrated circuit with interconnectionwires, in order to help improve performance of an integrated circuitafter a manufacturing process using the designs and layouts generated bythe computing system. Integrated circuit manufacturing further includesoperations directed toward preventing, or reducing, the frequency andimpact of defects that occur during a manufacturing process. In someintegrated circuit manufacturing processes, designs and layoutsgenerated by a computing system are modified in order to reduce alikelihood of manufacturing defects. In some embodiments, designs andlayouts are modified in order to tune performance of the circuitelements connected to the circuit features, or to tune the overallperformance of the integrated circuit.

Some layers of an integrated circuit, including interconnect layers,contain wires and vias that connect transistors, memory cells, passivedevices, or other components of an integrated circuit for the circuit tofunction. In some instances, wires in arrays of wires are laid out(arranged) with a minimum width and with a minimum separation intervaldetermined according to design rules of the integrated circuit.Arranging the wires of an integrated circuit preserves order andconserves space in the overall circuit layout. Manufacturing defectssuch as opens (breaks in the wire that prevent current from flowingbetween the ends of the wire) become more frequent as wire sizedecreases and spacing between adjacent wires decreases. An integratedcircuit with smaller wire sizes and smaller spacing intervals betweenwires is more susceptible to defects that prevent a wire from properlyforming during processing steps such as photolithography deposition,pattern transfer, line etch, or metal deposition.

In some instances, integrated circuit manufacturers anticipate and workagainst manufacturing errors associated with wire opens by increasingthe width of some wires in order to reduce a likelihood of a “fatal”defect, such as a wire open, from occurring. In some instances, a“fatal” defect is a defect in a semiconductor device that prevents someor all of a semiconductor device from functioning as intended. In someembodiments, wire widening, also known as wire width adjustment, isperformed on isolated wires in an interconnect layer. In someembodiments, wire widening is performed on selected wires in an array ofwires, where the selected wires adjoin open space or empty positions(empty tracks) in the array of wires. In some embodiments, wire wideningincludes first increasing, and then decreasing, the width of a wirebefore arriving at a second wire width that is larger than the initialwire width. In some embodiments, wire widening includes making a singlewidth adjustment from an initial wire width to a second wire widthlarger than the initial wire width.

In some embodiments, when a wire undergoes width adjustment, an edge ofthe wire closest to an empty position, is moved closer toward the emptyposition, or into the open space. In some embodiments, both the sides ofthe wire are adjusted to modify the width of the wire at a position onthe wire near the empty position or open space. In some embodiments ofwidened wires, a wire having an open space/empty position on both sidesof the wire is widened in both directions (e.g., both sides of the wireare shifted outward toward the nearest empty position of the array tothe side being shifted). An unwidened wire has an initial wire width. Awidened wire has a second wire width, larger than the initial width ofthe wire. According to some embodiments, when an array of wires has anopen space/empty position, wires on each side of the open wire space arewidened toward the empty position in the array. In some embodiments,when wires at positions in an array of wires undergo widening, a minimumspacing between wires is preserved. In some embodiments, the minimumspacing is preserved in order to help prevent inadvertent coupling ofneighboring wires, or to help prevent breakdown of dielectric materialbetween neighboring wires.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a semiconductor device 100, in accordancewith at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. In FIG. 1,semiconductor device 100 includes, among other things, a circuit macro(hereinafter, macro) 102. In some embodiments, macro 102 is a transistormacro. In some embodiments, macro 102 is a macro other than a transistormacro. In some embodiments, macro 102 is an interconnection structuremacro. Macro 102 includes, among other things, one or morestandard-cell-adapted arrangements 104A. In some embodiments, macro 102includes a plurality of interconnection wires on a same layer of anintegrated circuit. In some embodiments, macro 102 includes, among otherthings, one or more wire arrangements 104A-B. In some embodiments whereone or more wire arrangements 104A-B are included, arrangement 104Adiffers from arrangement 104B. Examples of each of wire arrangement 104Aand 104B include portions of semiconductor devices fabricated based oncorresponding layout diagrams shown in each of FIGS. 5A-5B, 6A-6B, and 7or the like.

Integrated circuits include groups of circuit components configured toperform predetermined circuit functions. Examples of such integratedcircuit (IC) functions include receiving signals, sending signals,communication between components of an IC and on other ICs, storingdata, performing calculations, managing IC functionality (memorycontrollers, IC timing circuit elements, and so forth), or othersuitable functions. Groups of circuit components may be pre-configuredas standard cells that are arranged in an integrated circuit layoutprocess prior to an integrated circuit manufacturing process. Standardcells facilitate simplified circuit performance simulation using thepredetermined blocks, or standard cells, of the circuit design. Someembodiments of standard cell libraries include purely digital circuitcomponents. Some embodiments of standard cell libraries include purelyanalog circuit components. Some standard cell libraries include mixturesof digital and analog circuit components configured to work together ina single integrated circuit.

In some instances, integrated circuit manufacturing involves usingstandard cells in cell libraries to simplify a design process forintegrated circuits. In some embodiments, simplified design processesusing standard cells in libraries limits a manufacturer's ability tomaximize circuit component density of an integrated circuit. Standardcells have a standard cell length in a first direction and a standardcell width in a second direction (different from the first direction) sothat cell borders of adjoining cells align. In some embodiments,integrated circuits contain wires that connect cells of the integratedcircuit. In some embodiments, the second direction is perpendicular tothe first direction. The wires of an integrated circuit interconnectionstructure are oriented along the first direction, the second direction,or a third direction angled with respect to the first and seconddirections. Some cells of integrated circuits contain arrays ofinterconnection wires. In some embodiments, wires are positioned atregularly spaced positions (or “tracks”) in an array of wires. In someembodiments, a cell having an array of wires is completely populated bywires (e.g., each position of the array of wires has a wire locatedthereon). In some embodiments, an array of wires is incompletelypopulated (e.g., one or more positions of an array of wires is free of awire). Widths of wires in an array of wires, or individual wires, of anintegrated circuit are adjusted in a layout of an integrated circuit, toproduce preconfigured layouts with predictable and consistentperformance and known layers of interaction between parts of thepre-configured layout. Integrated circuit design aims to reduceinterference, and to maintain performance of circuit elements withindesired parameters. To help preserve performance characteristics of thecells within anticipated ranges in completed circuits, some wires of anarray of wires are broadened (e.g., widened, or spread) in order toreduce a likelihood of circuit-destroying defects during a manufacturingprocess.

FIG. 2A is a plan view of an array of wires 200 of an integratedcircuit, where the wires in a first set of wires 202 in the array areseparated from open positions 206A and 206B in the array by a second setof wires 204. The wires in the second set of wires 204 each adjoin atleast one open position of the array. Wires of the array 200 areseparated by a separation interval 201, which repeats through the arrayof wires 200. Wire 208 adjoins a single open position 206A, wire 212adjoins a single open position 206B, and wire 210 adjoins both openposition 206A and 206B. According to wire width adjustment practices,each of wires 208, 210, and 212 are candidates for wire widening becausethe wires adjoin open positions in an array of wires. Although FIG. 2Aincludes wires in an array of wires, the present disclosure is notlimited to embodiments of arrays of wires in an integrated circuit, butencompasses single wires, pairs of wires, and wires that adjoin non-wirefeatures of an integrated circuit, and are capable of undergoing widthadjustment as disclosed herein from an original wire width in order toreduce a risk of opens or other defects during a manufacturing process.

FIG. 2B is a plan view of an array of wires 220 of an integratedcircuit, where the wire separation interval 221 is the same as wireseparation interval 201, and the order of wires in the array 220corresponds to the order of wires in array 200. A first set of wires 222contains wires that do not adjoin open positions 226A and 226B of thevisible portion of the array, and wires in second set of wires 224 doadjoin the open positions 226A and 226B. Wires of first set of wires 222correspond in size and position (within the array 220) to wires of firstset of wires 202 in FIG. 2A, whereas wires of second set of wires 224,while corresponding in position (within the array 220) to wires of thefirst set of wires 204 in FIG. 2A, have larger widths than correspondingwires of set of wires 204 of FIG. 2A. Wire 228 is wider than wire 208and is widened toward (i.e., extended widthwise a distance on one sideof the spacing interval) open position 226A. Wire 232 is wider than wire212, and is widened toward open position 226B. Wire 230 is wider thanwire 210, and is widened toward both (i.e., extended widthwise adistance on both sides of the spacing interval) open space 226A and openspace 226B. FIG. 2B is a result of universal width adjustment in anintegrated circuit, where each wire that is qualified for widthadjustment, by being adjacent to open space or an open position in awire, is widened to widen the wire to a width larger than the originalwidth. In some embodiments, wire width adjustment is partial, where somewires are width adjusted, and some wires are left unmodified (e.g., notwidth-adjusted) despite there being open space or empty positions in thelayout of wires adjoining the unwidened wires.

In some embodiments, not all wires that qualify for width adjustment aremodified to have an increased wire width. Although a risk of “fatal”defects is reduced with universal width adjustment, widened wires aresubject to greater amounts of capacitive coupling to ground, to otherwires or circuit elements, and draw larger amounts of power thanunwidened wires. Capacitive coupling adversely impacts switchingspeed/frequency of elements in the integrated circuit, and increasedpower draw increases circuit heating and, in devices with batteries orstored power, reduces the time a device is operable without recharging.

The detrimental aspects of width adjustment (e.g., increased power drawand slower switching speeds, inter alia) are mitigated to preserve thebenefits of width adjustment (protection against feature-destroyingdefectivity) by reducing the degree of widening of some wires in a layerof an integrated circuit, or by reducing the number of wires that arewidened to be smaller than the number of wires that are qualified forwidth adjustment. Determining whether to reduce the amount of wideningfor a wire, or determining whether to widen a wire at all, isaccomplished by comparing a modeled or calculated RC(resistance/capacitance, or “electrical”) performance of a wire in anintegrated circuit before widening, after widening, and after a wirewidening adjustment, to evaluate the effect of widening a wire on anintegrated circuit, or a component thereof, and whether full-widening ofthe wire is detrimental to power consumption and switching speed of theintegrated circuit or component. Calculating an RC, or electrical,performance of a wire, or an array of wires, prior to widening enablesselection of wires for subsequent width adjustment to a different wirewidth than the initial widened wire width. Calculating an RC, orelectrical, performance of a wire, or an array of wires, after widthadjustment, enables width adjustment adjustment to adjust powerconsumption and switching frequencies of wires, or arrays of wires, toconform the IC to one or more performance thresholds or performancespecifications.

FIG. 3A is a flow diagram of a method 300 of regulating wire width in anintegrated circuit, in accordance with some embodiments. In method 300,an operation 302 includes steps associated with generating a wireresistance/capacitance (RC) table and providing the RC table to anelectronic design automation (EDA) system as disclosed hereinbelow. Insome embodiments, an EDA system is used to generate electronicallyformatted computer readable media having stored thereon codedinstructions for generating a layout of a layer of an integratedcircuit, according to some embodiments.

In method 300, an operation 304 includes steps associated withgenerating design rules for an integrated circuit, and providing thegenerated design rules to the EDA system as disclosed hereinbelow.Generating design rules for an integrated circuit includes generation ofspacing, capacitance, and resistance limits that are to be met toproduce an integrated circuit having a predetermined set of performanceresults.

Method 300 includes an operation 306, in which a computer systemperforms wire width adjustment modeling. In some embodiments, wire widthadjustment modeling includes operations associated with identifyingwires in the layers of the integrated circuit that are candidate wiresfor subsequent wire width adjustment evaluation. In some embodiments,the computer system is an electronic design automation (EDA) system orsome other computing device configured to operation according toinstructions saved on the device, or a connected device, to adjust wirewidth in a layer of the integrated circuit. In some embodiments,operation 306 received input, such as the wire RC adjustment table, fromoperation 302 in order to perform the wire width adjustment modeling.

Method 300 includes an operation 308, in which the timing and powerconsumption of wires in at least one layer of the integrated circuit areevaluated to evaluate overall power consumption and switching speed ofthe integrated circuit. In some embodiments, operation 308 includesdetermining an average speed of the integrated circuit, and identifyingindividual wires having a switching speed, or being connected to circuitelements that have a switching speed, that is below the average speed ofthe integrated circuit or integrated circuit layer. In some embodiments,operation 308 includes evaluation of individual wires for parasiticcapacitance effects that reduce switching speed of the individual wires,or circuit elements directly connected to the individual wires.

Method 300 includes an operation 310, in which wire width adjustment isevaluated and modified. In some embodiments, wires identified for widthadjustment in operation 306 are subjected to additional evaluation. Insome embodiments, the additional evaluation includes determining, basedon the size of the unfilled space, or open area near a wire that is acandidate for width adjustment, the amount of width adjustment the wireis able to undergo without interfering (with, e.g., increased parasiticcapacitance) with operation of neighboring wires or other circuitelements in the layer of the integrated circuit. In some embodiments,once a wire undergoes width adjustment, the wire is subjected to furtherevaluation to determine the performance of the width-adjusted wire, andnearby wires, and, when the performance of the nearby wires, or thewidth-adjusted wire, are adverse influenced by the width adjustment, thefirst adjusted width of the width-adjusted wire is decreased to a secondadjusted width that does not interfere with the performance of nearbywires in the layer of the integrated circuit, and still retains improvedperformance characteristics before the initial width adjustment.

Method 300 includes an operation 312, in which the timing and the powerconsumption of the width-adjusted wires, whether after the firstadjustment or after a second width adjustment, is evaluated. In someembodiments, the overall performance of the integrated circuit, or ofthe layer of the integrated circuit, is characterized to determinewhether further width adjustment is warranted.

Method 300 includes an operation 314, in which information related tothe width of wires in a layer of the integrated circuit, including bothun-adjusted and width-adjusted wires, resulting from at least operations310 and 312, is stored in a computer-readable storage medium andtransmitted to an EDA system as described hereinbelow.

Method 300 further includes an operation 316, in which the informationfrom un-adjusted and width-adjusted wires, resulting from at leastoperations 310 and 312, is used to generate a design or layout of atleast one layer of an integrated circuit for use in a manufacturingprocess to meet timing and performance specifications of the integratedcircuit, as provided to the design process described by operation 304,as described above.

FIG. 3B is a flow diagram of a method 360 of regulating a widthadjustment process, in accordance with some embodiments. Method 360includes an operation 362, in which an integrated circuit designundergoes width adjustment. In some embodiments, width adjustmentincludes a first step where the wires are evaluated and/or modelled forwidening, and a second step where a widening amount for each widenedwire is determined for the array of wires. Width adjustment modeling isperformed during integrated circuit evaluation, development, and/ordesign phases of a manufacturing process, prior to deposition ofmaterials onto a substrate and etching and/or filling etched channelsfor wires in the substrate. Width adjustment modeling is performed usinga wire RC widening table and a design of an integrated circuit. RCwidening tables include rules, or guidelines, based on a technology nodeof an integrated circuit at a manufacturer, to widen (or, broaden, orspread) wires of the integrated circuit to reduce a likelihood ofdefects of the IC in the wiring regions of the circuit. Defects that areless likely with width adjustment include blocked etch, blocked patterntransfer (e.g., photolithography, or e-beam lithography), blocked metalfill, or some other manufacturing defect associated with making a wirein an integrated circuit. In some embodiments, width adjustment tablesinclude guidelines regarding a recommended maximum change of a wirewidth, recommended minimum change of a wire width, guidelines regardingthe proximity of two wires before one or more of the two wires iswidened or spread, guidelines regarding a separation of adjacent wiressubsequent to widening one or more of the adjacent wires, and/orguidelines regarding selecting one, or both, of two wires that adjoin anopen space in an array of wires, or at an edge of an array of wires, forwidening. Width adjustment includes analyzing wire positions foradjoining open positions in the arrays of wires in an integratedcircuit, and/or wires that are adjoined by other wires, but are desiredto undergo width adjustment, are identified and one or more of theadjoining wires are relocated to open positions elsewhere in theintegrated circuit.

Method 360 includes an operation 364 wherein a wire of the IC design isselected for evaluation. In some embodiments of the method, all wires inan IC design are selected for evaluation. In some embodiments of themethod, only wires that are widened in operation 305 are selected forevaluation. In some embodiments of the method, wires that are widened inoperation 310, and adjoining wires in a wiring layout, are selected forevaluation.

Method 360 includes an operation 366, wherein each selected wire fromoperation 364 is evaluated to determine a toggle rate (that is, aswitching speed/frequency of the wire are calculated). Evaluating atoggle rate of a wire involves calculating the modeled toggle rate, orswitching frequency, of the wire for a pre-widening and a post-wideningwire width. In some embodiments, toggle rates are measured after amanufacturing process to verify that a calculated toggle rate orswitching frequency matches the measured toggle rates or switchingfrequencies. A toggle rate or switching rate is a measurement of thefrequency with which a signal is propagated along a wire. In someembodiments, width adjustment modeling includes an input regarding themodeled switching rate, tolerances, or signal transmission delays ofwires in an integrated circuit based on a particular design. In someembodiments of width adjustment modeling, when the toggling rates ofwires, or signal transmission delays on those wires, are larger than apredetermined threshold, the number wires in the set of wires to bewidened is modified in order to prevent degradation of the overallperformance (e.g., toggle rate, switching speed, and so forth) of theintegrated circuit subsequent to manufacturing. In some embodiments, thetoggle rate of a wire is evaluated during a modeling process consideringwires in a same layer of the integrated circuit design. In someembodiments, the toggle rate of a wire is evaluated in a modelingprocess considering wires in the same layer and in adjoining layers ofthe integrated circuit design.

Method 360 includes an operation 368 wherein the toggle rate of theselected wire is compared to a toggle rate threshold (or, timingperformance, or a switching frequency threshold) of the IC design. Whenthe toggle rate of the selected wire is above the toggle rate threshold(e.g., when the toggle rate of the wire is not slower than the togglerate threshold), then the method continues to an operation 372. When thetoggle rate of the selected wire is below the toggle rate threshold(e.g., when the toggle rate of the wire is slower than the toggle ratethreshold), then the operation continues to an operation 370. In someembodiments, increasing the power consumption corresponds to increasesin timing performance (e.g., a faster switching speed) of an integratedcircuit. However, timing performance increases also occur when theresistance of the integrated circuit is reduced. In some embodiments,the resistance is reduced by modifying the size of a fin in anintegrated circuit. In some embodiments, the resistance is reduced bymodifying the number of fins in a cell of an integrated circuit. In atleast one embodiment, decreasing the unit resistance of a cell of anintegrated circuit by about 15% results in a timing performance increaseof around 0.5% as compared to an unmodified cell of an integratedcircuit. Timing performance of the integrated circuit includes softwaresimulation of switching or toggling performance of FinFETS ortransistors, SRAM or DRAM or other memory and/or storage elements, andother circuit features and the interconnects located between them(individually or in blocks). Wiring resistance decreases with widerwires in a layer of an integrated circuit, but capacitance of the wire,and coupling to other wires in the same layer or in a different layer,or to ground, also increases. Thus, timing performance is evaluated inorder to determine whether broadening a wire adversely impacts timing.

Wire width adjustment modifies the electrical characteristics of thewidened wires. When a wire is widened, a size of the wire is increasedand the resistance of the wire decreases. In some instances, widthadjustment impacts switching frequency for a widened wire. Switchingfrequency decreases when the capacitance of the wire increases.Capacitance increases when a separation distance between the widenedwire and a neighboring wire in the same layer or a different layer, orcoupling to ground, decreases. By modeling the electrical properties ofwires after widening, individual wires are targeted for wideningadjustment based on the modeled electrical properties. wideningadjustment is performed to reduce coupling/capacitance of widened wires.By performing widening adjustment, switching frequencies of widenedwires are also adjusted to reduce a distribution of switchingfrequencies of the integrated circuit elements. Narrowing an overalldistribution of switching frequencies improves integrated circuitperformance. In some embodiments, narrowing a distribution of switchingfrequencies includes increasing the average switching frequency oftransistors in an integrated circuit. By narrowing the distribution ofswitching frequencies of an integrated circuit elements, the averageswitching speed is increased by making slow-switching circuit elementsoperate at a higher speed because the wires that connect to theslow-switching elements have reduced impedance to the flow of current toor from the circuit elements. Thus, the average switching speed of theintegrated circuit increases with wire width adjustment to eliminateparasitic capacitance between adjoining wires, or by to reduceresistance of some wires in the integrated circuit. Integrated circuitswith higher clock speed ratings typically sell for higher prices thanlower clock speed integrated circuits, making higher clock speedcircuits more profitable to manufacture and sell. Some examples of widthadjustment include identifying wires at positions in an array of wiresthat have slow switching speed, relocating a wire adjoining the slowwire to a new position, and widening the slow wire to modify theelectrical properties of the slow wire. In some instances, slow wires inan integrated circuit array of wires do not qualify for width adjustmentbut for the relocation of adjoining wires to create an open position orempty position in the array adjacent to the slow wire.

The method includes operation 370, in which the degree of widening ofthe selected wire, or a wire adjoining the selected wire in the layer,is adjusted. In some instances, the degree of widening of the wire isadjusted by decreasing the wire width. When a wire in an IC layout isfirst widened, the width of the wire is adjusted from a first width to asecond width, in order to reduce likelihood of manufacturing defectsfrom ruining the wire. A degree of wire widening is related to the sizeof the change in the wire width. Thus, a degree of width adjustment isapproximately proportional to the ratio of the second width divided bythe first width. Wires that have the same ratio have the same degree ofwidening. A first widened wire that has a larger ratio than a secondwidened wire has a larger degree of widening than the second wire. Insome embodiments, the degree of widening remains the same (e.g., thewire width remains the same), but the wire position is adjusted tofurther separate a widened wire from an adjoining wire). In someembodiments, the wire is relocated to a new position in the integratedcircuit design to reduce interactions between wires. According to someembodiments, reducing interactions between neighboring wires of an ICincludes at least one of reducing capacitance of a wire with anadjoining wire and/or reducing a capacitance of a wire with a ground ofthe IC. In some embodiments, the degree of widening of a wire isincreased (e.g., the widened width is increased, rather than decreased).In some embodiments, the degree of widening of a wire is decreased,rather than increased (e.g., the wire width is decreased in wire widthadjustment). In some embodiments, a degree of widening of two wires atopposite sides of an open position of an array of wires is adjustedsubsequent to evaluating electrical performance of the widened wires. Insome embodiments, a degree of widening is reduced to zero (e.g., a widthof one or more wires of the widened wires is reduced to an originalwidth of the wire).

In some embodiments of width adjustment, wire widths are adjusted byshifting a single side of a wire toward an opening and/or an emptyposition of an array of wires. In some embodiments of wire widthadjustment, wire widths are adjusted by shifting a both sides of a wiretoward an opening and/or an empty position of an array of wires. Inother words, a center of a wire segment is shifted toward an emptyposition of an array of wires a distance that is greater than half theadjusted width of the wire. In some embodiments, a wire width adjustmentprocess includes adjusting the degree of widening of one wire adjoiningan empty position. In some instances, adjusting the widening of a wireincludes partially reversing the widening of the wire. In someinstances, adjusting the widening of a wire includes completelyreversing the widening of the wire back to an original width of thewire. In some instances, adjusting the widening of a wire includesincreasing the widening of a wire in addition to a first amount ofwidening of the wire in a first widening operation. In some embodiments,a wire width adjustment process includes adjusting the amount ofwidening of wires adjoining opposite sides of an empty position. In someinstances, wire widening is performed by identifying a wire in an arrayof wires that has an electrical property outside of a specified rangefor the electrical property, relocating a wire adjacent to theidentified wire to a new position in the array of wires, and wideningthe identified wire to adjust the electrical property to fall within thespecified range for the electrical property. In some instances, theelectrical property is one or more of resistance, capacitance, groundcoupling, and/or switching frequency.

In some embodiments, wire width adjustment is performed on widened wiresto regulate capacitance of wires in an integrated circuit. When a wireis widened, the wider wire has a greater potential for capacitiveinteraction with adjoining wires in the same layer of an integratedcircuit, and/or in a layer above or below the layer containing thewidened wire. In some embodiments, widened wires in a layer of anintegrated circuit have a greater potential for capacitive interactionwith a ground connection of the integrated circuit. In some embodimentsof integrated circuits, increased capacitive interactions cause signaltransmission delays, or reduced toggle frequency, or reduced switchingfrequency, delaying an operation of a second portion of the integratedcircuit to which the widened wire connects. Evaluating the timingcharacteristics of a wire's performance in an integrated circuitincludes an evaluation of when a wire's toggle frequency, or signaltransmission rate, meets a target timing constraint (and the wire isnon-critical), or fails to meet a target timing constraint (and the wireis timing critical). Evaluation of timing characteristics of anintegrated circuit layer, and the wires therein, is performed atdifferent stages of the integrated circuit layout and design process,both before, during, and after wire width adjustment in order toidentify and adjust widths of wires prone to manufacturing defects orparasitic capacitance. Subsequent to performing operation 325, theselected wire undergoes the operation 315 of the method 360.

Method 360 includes an operation 372 wherein, for the selected wire ofthe IC layout, that meets the toggle rate specification of the wire typein the IC layout, the wire is modeled for resistance and capacitance,and/or power consumption performance parameters (e.g., the resistanceand capacitance and/or power consumption performance are calculatedbased on the wire dimensions and the proximity of adjoining features inthe IC). The method 360 includes an operation 374, wherein the resultsof modeling the resistance and capacitance, and power consumptionperformance parameters are compared to a threshold, or a performancespecification of the IC layout. The modeling and comparison of themodeling results are performed, in some embodiments, in a circuitsimulation software installed on a computing device that is configuredto adjust, according to an instruction by a user, a parameter of atleast one wire of the IC layout in order to meet a performancespecification of the IC design prior to a manufacturing operation forthe IC. When a modeled value of resistance, capacitance, and/or powerconsumption exceed a threshold value of an IC design specification, themethod continues to operation 376. When a modeled value of resistance,capacitance, and/or power consumption falls below a threshold value ofan IC design specification, the method continues to operation 378.

In operation 345, similar to operation 370, as described above, theselected wire undergoes a width adjustment and thus become awidth-adjusted wire. Wire width adjustment modifies the width and/orposition of the wire, or an adjoining wire, in order to modify theresistance, capacitance, and/or power consumption of the wire and/oradjoining wire, in order to produce a wire of the IC design that has amodeled performance for resistance, capacitance, and/or powerconsumption that falls below a performance threshold of the IC design.Subsequent to operation 376, the selected wire undergoes operation 366of the method 360.

Method 360 includes an operation 378, determining whether all the wiresof the interconnection layer have been evaluated for width adjustment.When less than all the wires of the interconnection layer have beenevaluated, the method continues to an operation 364, wherein anotherwire of the IC layout is selected for modeling and performanceevaluation. When all the wires of the interconnection layer have beenevaluated, the method continues to an operation 380. Operation 380includes forming, based on the widening of the wires of the IC design, acomputer aided design layout or other computer based electronic designformat containing the information about positions of widened wires, andthe degree of widening of the wires of each layer of the IC design. Themethod 360 further comprises an operation 382, in which an integratedcircuit is fabricated based on the IC design layout generated inoperation 380.

FIGS. 4A and 4B are plan views of wires of an integrated circuit beforeand after a wire widening process, in accordance with some embodiments.In FIG. 4A, a first layout 400 of an integrated circuit 401 is shown.First layout 400 includes an array of wires 402, with a plurality ofwires 404 that qualify for widening. Wire 404A and wire 404B qualify forwidening because they adjoin open wire position 406A. Wire 404B and 404Cqualify for widening because they adjoin open wire position 406B. Thus,wire 404A can be widened by broadening toward open wire position 406A,wire 404B can be widened by broadening toward open wire position 406Aand open wire position 406B, and wire 404C can be widened by broadeningtoward open wire position 406B. In FIG. 4A, the wires all have anoriginal wire width 406. In some instances, some wires in an array ofwires have different original widths dictated by the current load of theindividual wires, the sensitivity of the wires to coupling, or otherfactors of designing the integrated circuit. For purposes of thisdisclosure, the original wire width 406 is used to the original width ofan individual wire, despite any differences between the original widthsof wires in a portion of the integrated circuit. The term original wirewidth is used to distinguish the width of a single wire from the widthof the wire subsequent to a wire widening process and/or a wire widthadjustment process, performed for the wire.

FIG. 4B is a plan view of a second layout 440 of an integrated circuit401 subsequent to wire widening. Second layout 440 includes a pluralityof wires 442, with open wire positions 406A and 406B, and an array ofwidened wire 444, including widened wires 444A, 444B, and 444C. Widenedwire 444A corresponds, subsequent to wire widening as described above inoperation 305, to an unwidened wire 404A. Similarly, widened wire 444Bcorresponds to unwidened wire 404B, and widened wire 444C corresponds tounwidened wire 404C. Widened wire 444A is widened toward open wireposition 406A, widened wire 444C is widened toward open wire position406B, and widened wire 444B is widened toward both open wire position406A and open wire position 406B.

In some embodiments, widened wire 444B exceeds a threshold of aperformance parameter of the IC 401, and a widening adjustment isperformed in order to regulate at least one performance parameter of theIC 401. Thus, the widened wire 444B is replaced, in the second layout440, with a revised widened wire 446, having a second widened wire width450 smaller than the first widened wire width 448. Revised widened wire446 is generated by widening sides of widened wire 44B on both sides ofthe widened wire, away from both open wire positions 406A and 406B. Insome embodiments, a revised widened wire is generated by reducingwidening on one side of the widened wire. Unwidened wire 404B (see FIG.4A) has an original wire width 406. Widened wire 444B has a widened wirewidth 448, which is greater than original wire width 406. Revisedwidened wire 446 has a reduced wire width 450, reflecting widthadjustment subsequent to widening of wire 404B. In some embodiments, areduced wire width 450 is smaller than a widened wire width and largerthan an original wire width 406. In some embodiments, a reduced wirewidth 450 is the same as the original wire width 406. In some instances,the reduced wire width 450 is the same as the original wire width 406upon an evaluation of the electrical properties of the wire resulting ina determination that any wire widening of the wire results in an adverseimpact on the integrated circuit, in relation to the electricalproperties of the wire with the original wire width.

FIGS. 5A and 5B are plan views of wires of an integrated circuit 501rearranged in a wire widening process, in accordance with someembodiments. In FIG. 5A, a first circuit layout 500 has a plurality ofwires (504A-C, 506, 508, and 510) located at positions in an array oflayout positions 502. The array of layout positions 502 includes filledlayout positions 502A-C, 502E, and 502G-H and open layout positions 502Dand 502F. Wires 504A, 504B, and 504C qualify for wire widening becausethey adjoin open layout positions 502D and 502F in first circuit layout500.

In FIG. 5B, second circuit layout 540 includes the array of layoutpositions 502 subsequent to a wire widening operation during anintegrated circuit manufacturing process, as described in FIG. 8, below.In second circuit layout 540, widened wire 544A replaces wire 504A fromfirst circuit layout 500, widened wire 544B replaces wire 504B fromfirst circuit layout 500, and widened wire 544C replaces wire 504C offirst circuit layout 500. Widened wire 544A has a widened width 552,widened wire 544B has a widened width 554, and widened wire 544C has awidened width 556. Widened widths 552, 554, and 556 are larger thanoriginal width 512. Widened wires 544A, 544B, and 544C remain at thesame positions as the original-width wires replaced during wirewidening.

Wire 506 moves positions during a wire widening operation. In firstcircuit layout 500, wire 506 is located at layout position 502B, andlayout position 502F is an open position. In second circuit layout,layout position 502B is an open position, and the layout position 502Fcontains wire 546, corresponding to wire 506. In some embodiments, awire is moved between layout positions during wire widening in order toallow wire widening into a layout position occupied by a relocated wirein the initial wire layout. In some embodiments, a wire is moved betweenlayout positions in order to promote wire widening of the moved wire ata new filled (formerly open) layout position.

In some embodiments, relocating a wire during wire widening brings therelocated wire and a widened wire into proximity, violating design rulesof an integrated circuit. Wire 544C is a widened wire at layout position502E, and relocated wire 546 is at layout position 502F. Widened wire544C has a widened width 556, which brings widened wire 544C inproximity with relocated wire 546. Thus, as part of a widening operationof a manufacturing process, the widened width 556 of widened wire 544Cis reduced to a re-widened width 558, smaller than the widened width556. By reducing the degree of widening, a re-widened wire 544D hasspace between relocated wire 546 and re-widened wire 544D, withsufficient dielectric material of the integrated circuit 501 between thewires to conform to a design rule of the integrated circuit 501. Anamount of dielectric material that is sufficient is a function of thecurrent load of a wire, the nature of the dielectric material, thevoltage difference between adjacent wires, and other aspects of circuitdesign related to preventing arcing, short circuits, or parasiticcapacitance in integrated circuit 501 at a given technology node orcircuit design.

In FIG. 6A a first circuit layout 600 has an array of wire layoutpositions 602 in an integrated circuit 601. Some of the wire layoutpositions 602 are populated by wires. Wires 604 and 606 are widenedwires, and wires 608A-D are unwidened wires of the integrated circuit601. Wire 604 is widened toward open layout position 602D, and wire 606is widened toward open positions 602D and 602F. In FIG. 6B, a computeraided design (CAD) layout 640 of the integrated circuit 601 with anarray of wire positions 642 corresponding to the array of wire positions602 in the first circuit layout 600. CAD layout 640 includes informationabout widened wires of first circuit layout 600, including positions ofwidened wires in the layout 640. Widened wire 604 at layout position602C of first circuit layout 600 corresponds to widened wire marker 644at array position 642C of CAD layout 640. Similarly, widened wire 606 atlayout position 602E of first circuit layout 600 corresponds to widenedwire marker 646 at array position 642E of CAD layout 640.

CAD layout 640 includes widened wire marker information. Widened wiremarker information provides, to a patterning template maker (such as aphotolithography or electron beam reticle manufacturer) informationabout wire widths, wire lengths, corrective features, and other aspectsrelated to making an array of wires in an integrated circuit using thepatterning information. In some embodiments, CAD layout 640 includesonly widened wire marker information. In some embodiments, CAD layout640 includes a combination of widened wire marker information andunwidened wire marker information. Widened wire marker informationprovides patterning template manufacturers information about wirewidths, wire locations, corrective features, and other aspects relatedto making an array of wires in an integrated circuit. Widened wiremarker information correlates with layout positions in a first circuitlayout. Patterning templates such as photolithography reticles, electronbeam reticles, or other devices used to generate patterns in maskingmaterial on an integrated circuit substrate are manufactured based onthe wire marker information. Wire marker information acts as atranslation step between a CAD file which describes the layout offeatures in the integrated circuit, and a layout file which describesfeatures of the radical or other patterning template. In some instances,a patterning template layout is generated based on a CAD file describingthe layout of lines in an integrated circuit, and the patterningtemplate layout needs to be modified subsequent to a wire wideningoperation. Widened wire markers such as widened wire marker 646 includeinformation relevant to modifying patterning template layouts to targetmodifications to the patterning template layout only to regions wherewidened wires are located in an integrated circuit layout.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an electronic design automation (EDA)system 700, in accordance with some embodiments. Methods describedherein of generating cell layout diagrams, in accordance with one ormore embodiments, are implementable, for example, using EDA system 700,in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, EDA system 700is a general purpose computing device including a hardware processor 702and a non-transitory, computer-readable storage medium 704. Storagemedium 704, amongst other things, is encoded with, i.e., stores,computer program code 706, i.e., a set of executable instructions.Execution of instructions 706 by hardware processor 702 represents (atleast in part) an EDA tool which implements a portion or all of, e.g.,the methods described herein in accordance with one or more(hereinafter, the noted processes and/or methods).

Processor 702 is electrically coupled to computer-readable storagemedium 704 via a bus 708. Processor 702 is also electrically coupled toan I/O interface 710 by bus 708. A network interface 712 is alsoelectrically connected to processor 702 via bus 708. Network interface712 is connected to a network 714, so that processor 702 andcomputer-readable storage medium 704 are capable of connecting toexternal elements via network 714. Processor 702 is configured toexecute computer program code 706 encoded in computer-readable storagemedium 704 in order to cause system 700 to be usable for performing aportion or all of the noted processes and/or methods. In one or moreembodiments, processor 702 is a central processing unit (CPU), amulti-processor, a distributed processing system, an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC), and/or a suitable processing unit.

In one or more embodiments, computer-readable storage medium 704 is anelectronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, and/or asemiconductor system (or apparatus or device). For example,computer-readable storage medium 704 includes a semiconductor orsolid-state memory, a magnetic tape, a removable computer diskette, arandom access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a rigid magneticdisk, and/or an optical disk. In one or more embodiments using opticaldisks, computer-readable storage medium 704 includes a compact disk-readonly memory (CD-ROM), a compact disk-read/write (CD-R/W), and/or adigital video disc (DVD).

In one or more embodiments, storage medium 704 stores computer programcode 706 (or, program instructions) configured to cause system 700(where such execution represents, at least in part, the EDA tool) to beusable for performing a portion or all of the noted processes and/ormethods. In one or more embodiments, storage medium 704 also storesinformation which facilitates performing a portion or all of the notedprocesses and/or methods. In one or more embodiments, storage medium 704stores library 707 of standard cells including such standard cells asdisclosed herein.

EDA system 700 includes I/O interface 710. I/O interface 710 is coupledto external circuitry. In one or more embodiments, I/O interface 710includes a keyboard, keypad, mouse, trackball, trackpad, touchscreen,and/or cursor direction keys for communicating information and commandsto processor 702.

EDA system 700 also includes network interface 712 coupled to processor702. Network interface 712 allows system 700 to communicate with network714, to which one or more other computer systems are connected. Networkinterface 712 includes wireless network interfaces such as BLUETOOTH,WIFI, WIMAX, GPRS, or WCDMA; or wired network interfaces such asETHERNET, USB, or IEEE-1364. In one or more embodiments, a portion orall of noted processes and/or methods, is implemented in two or moresystems 700.

System 700 is configured to receive information through I/O interface710. The information received through I/O interface 710 includes one ormore of instructions, data, design rules, libraries of standard cells,and/or other parameters for processing by processor 702. The informationis transferred to processor 702 via bus 708. EDA system 700 isconfigured to receive information related to a UI through I/O interface710. The information is stored in computer-readable medium 704 as userinterface (UI) 742.

In some embodiments, a portion or all of the noted processes and/ormethods is implemented as a standalone software application forexecution by a processor. In some embodiments, a portion or all of thenoted processes and/or methods is implemented as a software applicationthat is a part of an additional software application. In someembodiments, a portion or all of the noted processes and/or methods isimplemented as a plug-in to a software application. In some embodiments,at least one of the noted processes and/or methods is implemented as asoftware application that is a portion of an EDA tool. In someembodiments, a portion or all of the noted processes and/or methods isimplemented as a software application that is used by EDA system 700. Insome embodiments, a layout diagram which includes standard cells isgenerated using a tool such as VIRTUOSO® available from CADENCE DESIGNSYSTEMS, Inc., or another suitable layout generating tool.

In some embodiments, the processes are realized as functions of aprogram stored in a non-transitory computer readable recording medium.Examples of a non-transitory computer readable recording medium include,but are not limited to, external/removable and/or internal/built-instorage or memory unit, e.g., one or more of an optical disk, such as aDVD, a magnetic disk, such as a hard disk, a semiconductor memory, suchas a ROM, a RAM, a memory card, and the like.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of an integrated circuit (IC) manufacturingsystem 800, and an IC manufacturing flow associated therewith, inaccordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, based on a layoutdiagram, at least one of (A) one or more semiconductor masks or (B) atleast one component in a layer of a semiconductor integrated circuit isfabricated using manufacturing system 800.

In FIG. 8, IC manufacturing system 800 includes entities, such as adesign house 820, a mask house 830, and an IC manufacturer/fabricator(“fab”) 850, that interact with one another in the design, development,and manufacturing cycles and/or services related to manufacturing an ICdevice 860. The entities in system 800 are connected by a communicationsnetwork. In some embodiments, the communications network is a singlenetwork. In some embodiments, the communications network is a variety ofdifferent networks, such as an intranet and the Internet. Thecommunications network includes wired and/or wireless communicationchannels. Each entity interacts with one or more of the other entitiesand provides services to and/or receives services from one or more ofthe other entities. In some embodiments, two or more of design house820, mask house 830, and IC fab 850 is owned by a single larger company.In some embodiments, two or more of design house 820, mask house 830,and IC fab 850 coexist in a common facility and use common resources.

Design house (or design team) 820 generates an IC design layout diagram822. IC design layout diagram 822 includes various geometrical patternsdesigned for an IC device 860. The geometrical patterns correspond topatterns of metal, oxide, or semiconductor layers that make up thevarious components of IC device 860 to be fabricated. The various layerscombine to form various IC features. For example, a portion of IC designlayout diagram 822 includes various IC features, such as an activeregion, gate electrode, source and drain, conductive lines or vias of aninterlayer interconnection, and openings for bonding pads, to be formedin a semiconductor substrate (such as a silicon wafer) and variousmaterial layers disposed on the semiconductor substrate. Design house820 implements a proper design procedure to form IC design layoutdiagram 822. The design procedure includes one or more of logic design,physical design or place and route. IC design layout diagram 822 ispresented in one or more data files having information of thegeometrical patterns. For example, IC design layout diagram 822 can beexpressed in a GDSII file format or DFII file format.

Mask house 830 includes data preparation 832 and mask fabrication 844.Mask house 830 uses IC design layout diagram 822 to manufacture one ormore masks 845 to be used for fabricating the various layers of ICdevice 860 according to IC design layout diagram 822. Mask house 830performs mask data preparation 832, where IC design layout diagram 822is translated into a representative data file (“RDF”). Mask datapreparation 832 provides the RDF to mask fabrication 844. Maskfabrication 844 includes a mask writer. A mask writer converts the RDFto an image on a substrate, such as a mask (reticle) 845 or asemiconductor wafer 853. The design layout diagram 822 is manipulated bymask data preparation 832 to comply with particular characteristics ofthe mask writer and/or requirements of IC fab 850. In FIG. 8, mask datapreparation 832 and mask fabrication 844 are illustrated as separateelements. In some embodiments, mask data preparation 832 and maskfabrication 844 can be collectively referred to as mask datapreparation.

In some embodiments, mask data preparation 832 includes opticalproximity correction (OPC) which uses lithography enhancement techniquesto compensate for image errors, such as those that can arise fromdiffraction, interference, other process effects and the like. OPCadjusts IC design layout diagram 822. In some embodiments, mask datapreparation 832 includes further resolution enhancement techniques(RET), such as off-axis illumination, sub-resolution assist features,phase-shifting masks, other suitable techniques, and the like orcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, inverse lithographytechnology (ILT) is also used, which treats OPC as an inverse imagingproblem.

In some embodiments, mask data preparation 832 includes a mask rulechecker (MRC) that checks the IC design layout diagram 822 that hasundergone processes in OPC with a set of mask creation rules whichcontain certain geometric and/or connectivity restrictions to ensuresufficient margins, to account for variability in semiconductormanufacturing processes, and the like. In some embodiments, the MRCmodifies the IC design layout diagram 822 to compensate for limitationsduring mask fabrication 844, which may undo part of the modificationsperformed by OPC in order to meet mask creation rules.

In some embodiments, mask data preparation 832 includes lithographyprocess checking (LPC) that simulates processing that will beimplemented by IC fab 850 to fabricate IC device 860. LPC simulates thisprocessing based on IC design layout diagram 822 to create a simulatedmanufactured device, such as IC device 860. The processing parameters inLPC simulation can include parameters associated with various processesof the IC manufacturing cycle, parameters associated with tools used formanufacturing the IC, and/or other aspects of the manufacturing process.LPC takes into account various factors, such as aerial image contrast,depth of focus (“DOF”), mask error enhancement factor (“MEEF”), othersuitable factors, and the like or combinations thereof. In someembodiments, after a simulated manufactured device has been created byLPC, if the simulated device is not close enough in shape to satisfydesign rules, OPC and/or MRC are be repeated to further refine IC designlayout diagram 822.

It should be understood that the above description of mask datapreparation 832 has been simplified for the purposes of clarity. In someembodiments, data preparation 832 includes additional features such as alogic operation (LOP) to modify the IC design layout diagram 822according to manufacturing rules. Additionally, the processes applied toIC design layout diagram 822 during data preparation 832 may be executedin a variety of different orders.

After mask data preparation 832 and during mask fabrication 844, a mask845 or a group of masks 845 are fabricated based on the modified ICdesign layout diagram 822. In some embodiments, mask fabrication 844includes performing one or more lithographic exposures based on ICdesign layout diagram 822. In some embodiments, an electron-beam(e-beam) or a mechanism of multiple e-beams is used to form a pattern ona mask (e.g., a photomask, or a reticle) 845 based on the modified ICdesign layout diagram 822. Mask 845 can be formed in varioustechnologies. In some embodiments, mask 845 is formed using binarytechnology. In some embodiments, a mask pattern includes opaque regionsand transparent regions. A radiation beam, such as an ultraviolet (UV)beam, used to expose the image sensitive material layer (e.g.,photoresist) which has been coated on a wafer, is blocked by the opaqueregion and transmits through the transparent regions. In one example, abinary mask version of mask 845 includes a transparent substrate (e.g.,fused quartz) and an opaque material (e.g., chromium) coated in theopaque regions of the binary mask. In another example, mask 845 isformed using a phase shift technology. In a phase shift mask (PSM)version of mask 845, various features in the pattern formed on the phaseshift mask are configured to have proper phase difference to enhance theresolution and imaging quality. In various examples, the phase shiftmask can be attenuated PSM or alternating PSM. The mask(s) generated bymask fabrication 844 is used in a variety of processes. For example,such a mask(s) is used in an ion implantation process to form variousdoped regions in semiconductor wafer 853, in an etching process to formvarious etching regions in semiconductor wafer 853, and/or in othersuitable processes.

IC fab 850 includes wafer fabrication 852. IC fab 850 is an ICfabrication business that includes one or more manufacturing facilitiesfor the fabrication of a variety of different IC products. In someembodiments, IC Fab 850 is a semiconductor foundry. For example, theremay be a manufacturing facility for the front end fabrication of aplurality of IC products (front-end-of-line (FEOL) fabrication), while asecond manufacturing facility may provide the back end fabrication forthe interconnection and packaging of the IC products (back-end-of-line(BEOL) fabrication), and a third manufacturing facility may provideother services for the foundry business.

IC fab 850 uses mask(s) 845 fabricated by mask house 830 to fabricate ICdevice 860. Thus, IC fab 850 at least indirectly uses IC design layoutdiagram 822 to fabricate IC device 860. In some embodiments,semiconductor wafer 853 is fabricated by IC fab 850 using mask(s) 845 toform IC device 860. In some embodiments, the IC fabrication includesperforming one or more lithographic exposures based at least indirectlyon IC design layout diagram 822. Semiconductor wafer 853 includes asilicon substrate or other proper substrate having material layersformed thereon. Semiconductor wafer 853 further includes one or more ofvarious doped regions, dielectric features, multilayer interconnects,and the like (formed at subsequent manufacturing steps).

Details regarding an integrated circuit (IC) manufacturing system (e.g.,system 800 of FIG. 8), and an IC manufacturing flow associated therewithare found, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 9,256,709, granted Feb. 9, 2016, U.S.Pre-Grant Publication No. 20150278429, published Oct. 1, 2015, U.S.Pre-Grant Publication No. 20140040838, published Feb. 6, 2014, and U.S.Pat. No. 7,260,442, granted Aug. 21, 2007, the entireties of each ofwhich are hereby incorporated by reference.

Wire widening is a technique employed to reduce the frequency ofcircuit-killing defects from occurring during a manufacturing process.Wire widening modifies electrical performance characteristics of anintegrated circuit, increasing capacitance and reducing resistance ofwires in the integrated circuit. Wire width adjustment is a process ofreviewing performance of widened wires in integrated circuits anddetermining, among the set of widened wires, which wires have a negativeimpact on timing of circuit elements, and reducing the degree ofwidening of the wires that negatively impact circuit timing. Someembodiments of wire widening include widening wires that adjoin oneempty layout position in an integrated circuit. Some embodiments of wirewidening include an operation of relocating one or more wires to widenthe relocated wire, and/or widen a wire adjoining the layout position ofthe relocated wires. In some embodiments, a wire adjoining the layoutposition of the relocated wire is widened because the wire has aswitching frequency that is outside a specification for the circuit, anda combination of wire relocation and wire widening operations modifiesthe switching frequency to fall within a specification for the circuit.

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method comprisingoperations associated with identifying a first wire at a first positionin a layout of wires, wherein a second position in the layout of wires,adjacent to the first position, is a first empty position; widening thefirst wire at the first position to become a widened first wire;calculating a performance result of the widened first wire, with regardto a first parameter; and comparing the performance result of thewidened first wire to a first parameter performance threshold. In someembodiments, the first method further includes adjusting the widenedfirst wire, having a first adjusted width, to have a second adjustedwidth different from the first adjusted width. In some embodiments, thesecond adjusted width is larger than the first adjusted width. In someembodiments, the second adjusted width is smaller than the firstadjusted width. In some embodiments, the method further includesrepeating operations of adjusting the widened first wire, having a firstadjusted width, to have a second adjusted width different from the firstadjusted width; calculating a performance result of the widened firstwire with regard to a first parameter; and comparing the performanceresult of the widened first wire to a first parameter performancethreshold until the performance result is within the performancethreshold of the first parameter. In some embodiments, widening thefirst wire includes increasing a width of the first wire by: reducing afirst distance between a center of the first empty position and a firstedge of the first wire, the first edge of the first wire being closer tothe first empty position than a second edge of the first wire, andreducing a second distance between the second edge of the wire and acenter of a second empty position on an opposite side of the first wirefrom the first empty position. In some embodiments, the method includeswidening a second wire at a third position adjoining the first emptyposition, wherein the first wire and the second wire are both widenedtoward the center of the first empty position. In some embodiments, themethod further includes returning the first wire to an initial firstwire width when repeating adjusting the widened first wire, having afirst adjusted width, to have a second adjusted width different from thefirst adjusted width; calculating a performance result of the widenedfirst wire with regard to a first parameter; and comparing theperformance result of the widened first wire to a first parameterperformance threshold until the performance result is within theperformance threshold of the first parameter does not bring theperformance result within the performance threshold. In someembodiments, the method further includes adjusting a width a second wireat a third position adjoining the second position; and adjusting thewidth of the second wire such that a second wire adjusted width isgreater than a second wire width after adjustment, and the second wirewidth after adjustment is greater than a second wire initial width. Insome embodiments of the method, adjusting the widened first wire furtherincludes preserving a separation distance between the first wire and asecond wire opposite the first empty position from the first wire. Insome embodiments, the method further includes calculating a firstparameter performance result of a second wire on an opposite side of thefirst empty space; comparing the first parameter performance result ofthe second wire to a first parameter performance threshold; anddetermining whether the first widened wire is to undergo repeated wirewidth adjustment.

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a method which includesoperations related to identifying, in an array of wires, a first wire ata first position adjacent to a second wire, the second wire having aswitching frequency outside of a switching frequency specificationlimit; calculating a degree of width adjustment associated with a secondwire widened width to bring the switching frequency of the second wirewithin the switching frequency specification limit; determining that aspace between a widened second wire and the first wire is less than aminimum separation distance between wires in the array of wires;relocating the first wire to a second position in the array of wires;and adjusting the width of the second wire to the second wire widenedwidth. In some embodiments, the adjusting the width the second wireincludes increasing a width of the second wire while preserving at leastthe minimum separation distance between the second wire and a nearestwire on an opposite side of the first position in the array of wires. Insome embodiments, the method includes adjusting a width of a third wireat the opposite side of the first position in the array of wires. Insome embodiments, the methods includes, subsequent to adjusting thewidth of the second wire: calculating a switching frequency of thewidened second wire; and reducing an adjusted width of the widenedsecond wire to modify the switching frequency of the widened secondwire. In some embodiments, the method further includes an operationassociated with adjusting a width adjustment of the third wire at theopposite side of the first position to modify a capacitance of the thirdwire with the widened second wire.

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to a computer-readable mediumhaving instructions stored thereon, the instructions directing anelectronic design automation (EDA) system to perform operations directedtoward reducing power consumption of an integrated circuit, theoperations including: selecting a first wire in an array of wireswherein the first wire has a first width and is adjoined by an openposition in the array; adjusting a width of the first wire to a secondwidth according to a resistance/capacitance (RC) table for an integratedcircuit design; calculating a power consumption of the widened firstwire; and reducing the adjusted width of the first wire, wherein thefirst wire, subsequent to reducing the adjusted width, has a third widthless than the second width, and a second power consumption. In someembodiments, the stored instructions further direct the EDA system toperform an operation comprising adjusting a width of at least one secondwire in the array on an opposite side of an open position from the firstwire, wherein the adjusting a width of the second wire is toward theopen position between the first wire and the second wire. In someembodiments, the stored instructions further direct the EDA system toperform an operation comprising reversing the adjusting of width of thefirst wire to an original width. In some embodiments, the storedinstructions further direct the EDA system to perform an operationcomprising reducing adjusting of width of each wire adjoining an openposition in the array of wires.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that thoseskilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the presentdisclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they mayreadily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifyingother processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/orachieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein.Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalentconstructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, andalterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: selecting a first wire at afirst position in a layout of wires, wherein a second position, which isadjacent to the first position and in the layout of wires, is a firstempty position; widening the first wire at the first position to becomea widened first wire; calculating a performance result of the widenedfirst wire, with regard to a first parameter; and comparing theperformance result of the widened first wire to a first parameterperformance threshold.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprisingadjusting the widened first wire, having a first adjusted width, to havea second adjusted width different from the first adjusted width.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the second adjusted width is larger than thefirst adjusted width.
 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the secondadjusted width is smaller than the first adjusted width.
 5. The methodof claim 2, further comprising repeating the following steps: adjustingthe widened first wire, having a first adjusted width, to have a secondadjusted width different from the first adjusted width; calculating aperformance result of the widened first wire with regard to a firstparameter; and comparing the performance result of the widened firstwire to the first parameter performance threshold until the performanceresult is within the performance threshold of the first parameter. 6.The method of claim 5, further comprising adjusting the first wire to aninitial first wire width upon repeating the following steps: adjustingthe widened first wire, having a first adjusted width, to have a secondadjusted width different from the first adjusted width; calculating afirst performance result of the widened first wire with regard to afirst parameter; and comparing the first performance result of thewidened first wire to a first parameter performance threshold anddetermining the first performance result is not within the firstparameter performance threshold.
 7. The method of claim 6, furthercomprising adjusting a width of a second wire at a third positionadjoining the second position, wherein a second wire adjusted width isgreater than a second wire initial width.
 8. The method of claim 2,wherein the adjusting the widened first wire further comprisespreserving a separation distance between the first wire and a secondwire opposite the first empty position from the first wire.
 9. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the widening the first wire further comprisesincreasing a width of the first wire by: reducing a first distancebetween a center of the first empty position and a first edge of thefirst wire, the first edge of the first wire being closer to the centerof the first empty position than a second edge of the first wire, andreducing a second distance between the second edge of the first wire anda center of a second empty position on an opposite side of the firstwire from the first empty position.
 10. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising widening a second wire at a third position adjoining thefirst empty position, wherein the first wire and the second wire areboth widened toward the center of the first empty position.
 11. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising the following steps: calculating afirst parameter performance result of a second wire on an opposite sideof the first empty position; comparing the first parameter performanceresult of the second wire to the first parameter performance threshold;and determining whether the widened first wire is to undergo a repeatedwire width adjustment.
 12. A method comprising: identifying, in an arrayof wires, a first wire at a first position adjacent to a second wire,the second wire having a switching frequency outside of a switchingfrequency specification limit; calculating a degree of width adjustmentassociated with a second wire widened width to bring the switchingfrequency of the second wire within the switching frequencyspecification limit; determining that a space between a widened secondwire and the first wire is less than a minimum separation distancebetween wires in the array of wires; relocating the first wire to asecond position in the array of wires; and adjusting a width of thesecond wire to the second wire widened width.
 13. The method of claim12, wherein the adjusting the width the second wire further comprisesincreasing a width of the second wire while preserving at least theminimum separation distance between the second wire and a nearest wireon an opposite side of the first position in the array of wires.
 14. Themethod of claim 12, further comprising adjusting a width of a third wireat an opposite side of the first position in the array of wires.
 15. Themethod of claim 14, further comprising adjusting a width adjustment ofthe third wire at the opposite side of the first position to modify acapacitance of the third wire with the widened second wire.
 16. Themethod of claim 12, subsequent to adjusting the width of the secondwire, further comprising the following steps: calculating a switchingfrequency of the widened second wire; and reducing an adjusted width ofthe widened second wire to modify the switching frequency of the widenedsecond wire.
 17. A non-transitory computer-readable medium havinginstructions stored thereon, the instructions directing an electronicdesign automation (EDA) system to perform operations directed towardreducing power consumption of an integrated circuit, the operationscomprising: selecting a first wire in an array of wires, wherein thefirst wire has a first width and is adjoined by an open position in thearray of wires; adjusting a width of the first wire to a second widthaccording to a resistance/capacitance (RC) table for an integratedcircuit design; calculating a power consumption of a widened first wire;and reducing the adjusted width of the first wire, wherein the firstwire, subsequent to reducing the adjusted width, has a third width lessthan the second width, and a second power consumption.
 18. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein the storedinstructions further direct the EDA system to perform an operationcomprising adjusting a width of at least one second wire in the array ofwires on an opposite side of an open position from the first wire,wherein the adjusting the width of the second wire is toward the openposition between the first wire and the second wire.
 19. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 18, wherein the storedinstructions further direct the EDA system to perform an operationcomprising reversing the adjusting of width of the first wire to anoriginal width.
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim17, wherein the stored instructions further direct the EDA system toperform an operation comprising reducing adjusting of width of each wireadjoining the open position in the array of wires.